Fuerteventura is an island formed by a series of geological processes over millions of years. It is a volcanic island belonging to the Canary Islands archipelago, which is a part of Spain, located off the northwest coast of Africa. It’s known for beautiful beaches, palmas, and lunar landscapes. But it’s also a turbulent history that is fascinating to anyone who would like to better understand the island and its inhabitants.
How Fuerteventura was created
The formation of Fuerteventura dates back to around 20 million years ago, during the Miocene epoch. It owes its creation to the tectonic activity of the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Magma chambers were created beneath the ocean floor as the African Plate moved northward and interacted with the Eurasian Plate, causing the Earth’s mantle to melt partially under extreme pressure.
Through fractures and weak points in the Earth’s crust, the magma ultimately made its way to the surface, leading to a series of volcanic eruptions. This volcanic activity built up layers of volcanic rock, ash, and other materials over time, ultimately resulting in the formation of the island as we know it today.
The landscape of the island is characterized by a mixture of ancient and more recent volcanic activity. The northern part of the island is home to some of the oldest volcanic structures, while the southern region features younger volcanic formations from the Pleistocene epoch, around 1.8 million years ago.
It’s important to note that its volcanic activity has been dormant for thousands of years, and the island is considered geologically stable. The island’s unique geological history has given rise to a diverse landscape, ranging from rugged mountains and volcanic craters to expansive sand dunes and pristine beaches, making it a fascinating destination for visitors interested in geology and natural beauty.
First inhabitants of Fuerteventura
The first known original inhabitants of the island were the Guanches, a Berber-related people who arrived around 1000 BC. They were primarily hunter-gatherers and farmers.
Archaeological evidence shows that the Guanche inhabitants lived in caves, semi-subterranean dwellings, and stone huts. There are also several sacred sites, such as the mountain of Tindaya, where you can find engravings and other signs of their presence.
Fuerteventura before 15th century was divided into two Guanche kingdoms: Maxorata in the north and Jandia in the south.
Maxorata was the larger and more influential of the two kingdoms, occupying the northern and central parts of the island. The name “Maxorata” is derived from the Guanche word for the major kingdom, and it is also the source of Fuerteventura’s ancient name. The kingdom of Jandía, on the other hand, covered the southern part of the island, including the Jandía Peninsula.
The two kingdoms coexisted relatively peacefully, engaging in occasional conflicts over resources and territories. They were organized into smaller districts or cantons, each ruled by a local chieftain, and maintained their own social structures and customs.
Some specific aspects of the first settlers of Fuerteventura include:
- Language: The first settlers on the island spoke a variant of the Berber language, which has been partially reconstructed from inscriptions and the names of places on the island.
- Religion: They practiced a polytheistic religion with a belief in a supreme deity. On Fuerteventura, this supreme deity was known as “Maxorata,” after which the island’s ancient name, “Maxorata,” was derived.
- Social structure: The Guanches had a hierarchical society, with tribal chiefs known as “Menceys” who ruled over different territories.
- Ceremonies and rituals: The Guanches had various ceremonies and rituals, such as offerings to their gods, dances, and celebrations. One well-known ritual was the “Rain Dance,” which they performed to ask the gods for rain.
- Mummification: They practiced mummification, similar to the Egyptians. In Fuerteventura, mummified remains have been found, providing evidence of this ancient practice.
- Art: The Guanches created pottery, stone tools, and rock engravings known as “petroglyphs.” Examples of these petroglyphs can be found in Fuerteventura at sites like the Cueva del Llano and Tindaya Mountain.
The Guanche culture in Fuerteventura came to an end after the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands in the 15th century. However, some aspects of their language, culture, and heritage can still be seen today in the island’s toponyms, archaeological sites, and local customs.
Who was Jean de Bethencourt and what was his part in the history of Fuerteventura?
Jean de Béthencourt was a French explorer and nobleman who played a significant role in the conquest and colonization of the Canary Islands in the early 15th century, especially in the history of Fuerteventura. Born in 1362 in Normandy, France, He was a skilled military leader and ambitious adventurer. In 1402, Jean de Bethancourt and Gadifer de La Salle set an expedition with a small fleet of ships to conquer the islands on behalf of the Kingdom of Castile.
Upon arriving, Béthencourt faced resistance from the native Guanche people. The conquest of the island took longer than expected, with Béthencourt having to return to Europe to secure reinforcements and financial support on at least one occasion. It’s unclear exactly how many times he traveled between Fuerteventura and Europe during this period, but it is known that he successfully established control of the island by 1405.
The decision to build the town of Betancuria, the first capital of the island and the historic center, in the middle of the island was strategic. The inland location provided a natural barrier against pirate attacks, which were common during that time. Nestled in a valley surrounded by mountains, the town was less visible from the coast, making it harder for potential invaders to target the settlement. Additionally, the fertile land and the availability of fresh water in the area made it an ideal location for agriculture and settlement.
Jean de Béthencourt was eventually appointed the King of the Canary Islands by the Castilian monarch, Henry III. He continued to govern the islands from his base in Lanzarote, another island in the archipelago. In 1412, Béthencourt returned to Normandy, where he spent the rest of his life managing his estates and participating in local politics. He passed away in 1425, leaving behind a lasting legacy in the Canary Islands, particularly in Fuerteventura, where the town of Betancuria stands as a testament to his ambitious endeavors.
Pirates attacks
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Fuerteventura faced numerous pirate attacks due to its strategic location along the trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
In 1593 took place a significant pirate attack led by the infamous Moroccan pirate Xabán, also known as Morato Arráez.
Xabán arrived at Fuerteventura with a fleet of ships and a large number of men. They attacked the island, looting and causing destruction, particularly in the areas of La Oliva, Tindaya, and Betancuria, which was then the island’s capital. The island’s inhabitants were not prepared for such a large-scale attack and were unable to mount an effective defense.
During the raid, the pirate forces captured many islanders, including the governor of Fuerteventura, Pedro de Vera, and several prominent citizens. These captives were later sold as slaves in the markets of North Africa. The island suffered significant losses in terms of lives, property, and resources, and this attack marked one of the darkest periods in Fuerteventura’s history.
This and similar attacks led to the construction of defensive fortresses, such as the Castillo de El Tostón in El Cotillo and the Castillo de Caleta de Fuste.
Economic and political changes on the island of Fuerteventura
The island’s economy began to diversify during the 19th century, with the introduction of new industries such as cochineal farming (a scale insect used to produce a valuable red dye) and salt production. These industries became significant sources of income for the island, helping to offset the effects of the pirate attacks and stimulate economic growth.
In 1834, the capital of Fuerteventura was moved from Betancuria to La Oliva, mainly due to the former’s vulnerability to pirate attacks and limited resources. The first capital is located in a valley, which initially provided fertile land and a source of freshwater. However, as the population grew, the limited agricultural resources of the area became insufficient to support the inhabitants. This led to a decline in the city’s economic viability.
Later, in 1860, the capital was moved again to Puerto del Rosario (former Puerto Cabras), which is situated on the east coast of the island, offering a natural harbor and a more central location. This facilitated trade and communication with other Canary Islands and countries, which was essential in the times when the economy began to diversify. The island also saw an increase in trade and commerce with other countries, such as the United Kingdom and the United States.
Over time, Puerto del Rosario experienced significant population growth, turning into a bustling urban center. This made it more suitable to function as the island’s capital, offering better infrastructure and services for the inhabitants.
Emigration, wars, and the development of tourism
The next chapters of Fuerteventura’s history are marked by the following events:
- Emigration (early to mid-20th century): During this period, many inhabitants emigrated to other islands or countries like Cuba, Venezuela, and the United States in search of better opportunities. This was driven by economic difficulties on the island, as well as the decline of industries like cochineal farming. Agriculture, fishing, and animal husbandry remained the primary occupations for those who stayed.
- Spanish Civil War and World War II (mid-20th century): The island, like the rest of Spain, was affected by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and World War II (1939-1945). The island’s economy stagnated, and many residents faced hardship and political repression during these tumultuous times.
- Development of tourism (late 20th century-present): The tourism industry began to develop in Fuerteventura in the 1960s and has since become the primary driver of the island’s economy. The growth in tourism has led to increased construction and the development of the service sector, providing new job opportunities for the island’s inhabitants. Agriculture and fishing still play a role in the local economy, but they have been largely overshadowed by the tourism industry.
- Environmental protection and renewable energy: In recent years, efforts have been made to protect Fuerteventura’s unique natural environment and promote sustainable development. The island has established several protected natural areas, and there has been an increase in investment in renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar power.
These events and changes have shaped the history and development of Fuerteventura, leading to the island’s current status as a popular tourist destination and an important part of the Canary Islands archipelago.
Fuerta’s legends
Fuerteventura’s history and legends intertwine to create a fascinating tapestry of stories and traditions that continue to captivate both locals and visitors alike. Here are 3 most popular:
- Lobos Island: According to legend, this small island located just north of Fuerteventura, was once inhabited by a community of werewolves. The island’s name, which translates to “Wolves Island,” is said to have originated from these mythical creatures. However, the name more likely comes from the monk seals, or “sea wolves,” that once inhabited the island.
- The enchanted well of Betancuria: It is said that in the old town of the first capital of the island, there is a hidden well with magical properties. Those who drink from its waters are believed to be granted the gift of eternal youth. The well’s existence has never been proven, but the legend continues to pique the curiosity of visitors.
- The love story of Guize and Ayoze: This legend tells the story of two Guanche princes, Guize and Ayoze, who ruled over the island before the arrival of the Europeans. They were known for their wisdom and bravery, and their reign brought prosperity and peace to the island. When the Europeans arrived, the two princes joined forces to protect their land and people. However, they ultimately realized that resistance was futile and chose to end their lives together rather than surrender to the invaders. Their tragic tale has become a symbol of the island’s rich history and the resilience of its people.
Historical places to visit
Fuerteventura, with its rich history and diverse cultural heritage, boasts several historic places that are worth visiting. Here are some notable sites, along with facts and stories associated with them:
- Betancuria
- Founded in 1404 by Norman conqueror Jean de Béthencourt, the town was the first capital of the island and the seat of the island’s government for centuries.
- The town is named after Béthencourt himself and is nestled in a picturesque valley surrounded by mountains.
- Visit the Church of Santa Maria, built in the early 15th century and later rebuilt after pirate attacks. The church houses a wooden statue of the Virgin Mary, which is said to have been brought to the island by Béthencourt.
- The Betancuria Archaeological Museum showcases artifacts from the island’s indigenous Guanche people and provides insights into their way of life before the arrival of Europeans.
- La Oliva
- La Oliva is home to the Casa de los Coroneles, a grand 17th-century mansion that once served as the residence of the island’s military governors.
- This historic building features a distinctive facade, numerous balconies, and a watchtower from which the colonels could monitor the surrounding landscape.
- The building now hosts art exhibitions and cultural events, offering visitors a glimpse into Fuerteventura’s past and vibrant contemporary arts scene.
- Antigua
- Antigua is a charming village that has preserved its traditional Canarian architecture, featuring whitewashed houses with wooden balconies and tiled roofs.
- The town’s centerpiece is the Church of Nuestra Señora de Antigua, dating back to the 18th century. Its simple yet elegant design reflects the island’s religious heritage.
- Windmills are a symbol of Fuerteventura’s agricultural history, and the Antigua Windmill Craft Centre offers a chance to explore a restored traditional windmill and learn about the island’s past through various exhibits.
- Castillo de El Tostón
- Located in El Cotillo, the Castillo de El Tostón is a 17th-century fortress built to protect the island’s northwest coast from pirate raids.
- The castle’s unique circular design provided a 360-degree view of the surrounding area, allowing defenders to spot approaching enemies.
- Today, the Castillo de El Tostón serves as a cultural center and exhibition space, where visitors can learn about Fuerteventura’s history and enjoy panoramic views of the coastline.
- Salinas del Carmen
- The Salt Museum in Las Salinas del Carmen is a testament to Fuerteventura’s salt production history, which dates back to the 18th century.
- The museum showcases the traditional methods used to extract salt from seawater and offers guided tours of the salt pans, where visitors can observe the process firsthand.
- Salt production played a vital role in the island’s economy, as it was used to preserve fish and meat, which were essential for the local population and maritime trade.
These historic places in Fuerteventura offer a fascinating glimpse into the island’s past and provide visitors with a deeper understanding of its cultural heritage. By exploring these sites, you’ll uncover the stories and traditions that have shaped Fuerteventura throughout the centuries.
Read also: