Amiens Cathedral is one of the most iconic Gothic structures in Europe, and also is known for being the largest in France (. Located in the Picardy region in Northern France stands as a testament to the incredible architectural prowess and creativity of the medieval period. Find out about the fascinating history, architecture, art, and legends surrounding this cathedral from 13th century.
History of the Amiens Cathedral
Notre-Dame d’Amiens, was constructed between 1220 and 1270, following the destruction of the previous Romanesque cathedral by a fire in 1218. The new cathedral was built under the direction of Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, the first bishop of Amiens, and chief architect Robert de Luzarches. Thomas de Cormont, who succeeded Luzarches, continued the construction and expansion of the cathedral. Throughout the centuries, several additions and modifications were made to the original structure, reflecting the evolving tastes and architectural styles of the time.
The cathedral’s history is closely tied to the events that shaped the region of Somme and France as a whole. During the French Revolution, the cathedral suffered significant damage, as many of its religious artworks and treasures were confiscated, destroyed, or repurposed for secular use. Restoration efforts in the 19th century, led by famed architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, helped to preserve and restore the cathedral’s original appearance and artistic integrity.
Amiens Cathedral also played a role during the First and Second World War, as it provided refuge for the local population and cultural treasures, while the city faced bombings and destruction. Even though the city was massivly attacked during both conflicts, the Cathedral remained practically untouched.
The cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1981, recognized for its outstanding representation of Gothic architecture and as a symbol of the religious and cultural significance of cathedrals in medieval society. The history of the Cathedral of Amiens is a testament to its resilience and adaptability, as it has withstood the trials and tribulations of time, while remaining an iconic symbol of faith, art, and architectural achievement.
Architecture and Design of the Gothic Cathedral
Amiens Cathedral is a prime example of the High Gothic architectural style. It features a harmonious balance between verticality and spaciousness, achieving a remarkable sense of lightness and grandeur. The cathedral is characterized by its soaring vaults, slender columns, and extensive use of stained glass windows, which create a captivating play of light and color within the interior space.
Within the cathedral, the triforium, a narrow gallery running along the nave’s length, adds to the sense of spaciousness and light. It provides a delicate and elegant transition between the lower arcade and the clerestory, the upper level of windows that flood the interior with natural light. The triforium’s design, composed of intricately carved arches and ornamental details, further enhances the cathedral’s visual complexity and beauty.
The chapels inside the cathedral showcase the diversity and artistic mastery of the Gothic style. Each chapel is dedicated to a specific saint or religious theme, and their distinct architectural features and artwork create a serene and contemplative atmosphere for worship and reflection.
The rose window, a hallmark of Gothic architecture, is a large circular window filled with intricate stained glass designs. In the Cathedral of Amiens, the rose window casts a kaleidoscope of colored light into the interior, adding to the mystical and transcendent atmosphere that pervades the space. This remarkable window not only serves as an awe-inspiring visual element but also symbolizes the divine light of God illuminating the spiritual world.
The labyrinth, another distinct feature of Gothic cathedrals, can be found on the floor of the nave in the Cathedral of Amiens. 240 meters long labyrinth, laid down in the Cathedral in 1288, represents the spiritual journey of the faithful toward salvation, and it was once common for pilgrims to walk the labyrinth as an act of penance and meditation. Its presence in the cathedral further underscores the complex interplay between architectural design and religious symbolism in the Gothic period.
The Cathedral’s Exterior
The cathedral’s exterior is adorned with numerous sculptures, gargoyles, and intricate details that reflect the artistic and symbolic themes of the Gothic period. The three portals – the Last Judgment, the Virgin Mary, and Saint Firmin – are decorated with elaborate sculptures that serve as a visual narrative of Christian teachings and local history.
The central portal, acting as the entrance to the spiritual realm, is an essential feature of the Gothic cathedral design. It often displays a rich array of sculptures, reflecting the religious themes and beliefs of the era. In the Cathedral of Amiens, the impressive facade draws the eye upwards, emphasizing the verticality that is characteristic of the High Gothic style.
The Amiens Cathedral features two majestic towers, the North Tower and the South Tower, both flanking the impressive western facade. The North Tower, sometimes referred to as the “Tour du Chapitre,” is an essential element of the cathedral’s architectural balance and symmetry.
Visitors to the Amiens Cathedral have the opportunity to ascend the North Tower, which provides a unique experience and breathtaking panoramic views of the city and its surroundings. To reach the top, you must climb 307 steps, which wind up the tower in a narrow, spiral staircase. The effort is well worth it, as the tower offers a fantastic vantage point to appreciate the grandeur of the cathedral’s architecture and to capture stunning photographs of Amiens.
While visiting the cathedral, be sure to allocate enough time for the climb, as the ascent can be challenging, particularly for those who are not accustomed to climbing a large number of stairs. The tower might also have limited access or specific visiting hours, so it is advisable to check the visit-somme website or inquire at the entrance for the most up-to-date information on visiting the North Tower.
Art and Sculptures in the Cathedral Notre-Dame of Amiens
The Cathedral of Amiens houses a rich collection of religious art and sculptures, which provide insight into the medieval mindset and the artistic techniques of the era. Notable artworks include the famous “Weeping Angel,” a 17th-century sculpture of a sorrowful angel located in the ambulatory, and the beautifully preserved 16th-century polychrome statue of Saint John the Baptist.
The cathedral’s stunning stained glass windows depict various biblical scenes, saints, and local historical events. The windows not only serve as a visual feast for visitors but also as a means of storytelling, reflecting the religious and social values of the time.
One of the most striking features of the Amiens Cathedral is its magnificent choir stalls, which are considered to be among the finest examples of medieval woodcarving in Europe. Located in the choir, the area reserved for clergy and singers during liturgical services, the stalls are not only a testament to the extraordinary craftsmanship of the period but also a rich source of religious and secular symbolism.
Constructed between 1508 and 1522, the choir stalls of Amiens Cathedral were commissioned by Bishop Jean de La Balue and crafted by a team of skilled woodworkers, led by master craftsman Arnould Boulin. The stalls consist of two levels: the upper level (haute-œuvre) was reserved for high-ranking ecclesiastics, while the lower level (basse-œuvre) was intended for the canons and other members of the clergy. In total, there are 110 individual seats, each adorned with exquisitely carved misericords, armrests, and backrests.
The misericords, small wooden ledges designed to provide support for the clergy while standing during long services, are perhaps the most remarkable aspect of the choir stalls. Each misericord features a unique, intricately carved scene, ranging from religious themes, such as the life of Christ and stories from the Old Testament, to secular subjects, including scenes from daily life, moral allegories, and even humorous or satirical depictions of human folly.
The armrests and backrests of the choir stalls are similarly adorned with a diverse array of carvings, including intricate foliage patterns, mythical creatures, and narrative scenes inspired by biblical or moral tales. The attention to detail and the technical skill demonstrated by the craftsmen is astounding, revealing the depth of artistic mastery and creativity that characterized the Gothic period.
The choir stalls of Amiens Cathedral serve not only a practical function but also a symbolic one, as their elaborate carvings provide a visual commentary on the religious, moral, and social values of the time. As visitors explore the intricate designs and scenes depicted in the woodwork, they are offered a glimpse into the medieval mindset and the complex interplay between faith, art, and society.
Importance of the Cathedral in the Religious and Cultural Context of France
As a major center of pilgrimage during the medieval period, the Cathedral of Amiens played a crucial role in the religious life of the region. It housed several important relics, including the head of John the Baptist, which attracted large numbers of pilgrims seeking spiritual guidance and healing. Additionally, the cathedral served as a place of worship, education, and community gathering for the local population.
Today, the Cathedral of Amiens continues to hold a prominent position in the cultural landscape of France. It is a symbol of the nation’s rich architectural and artistic heritage, and its ongoing preservation efforts ensure that future generations can appreciate and learn from this remarkable monument.
Comparing Amiens Cathedral to Other Important Cathedrals in France
France is home to numerous remarkable Gothic cathedrals, each with its distinct architectural and artistic features. In this comparison, we will explore the similarities and differences between Amiens Cathedral and three other important cathedrals in France: Notre-Dame de Paris, Reims Cathedral, and Rouen Cathedral.
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Amiens Cathedral and Notre-Dame de Paris
Both Amiens Cathedral and Notre-Dame de Paris are prime examples of French Gothic architecture, and both were constructed during the High Gothic period. Notre-Dame de Paris, completed in the 13th century, is an earlier example than Amiens Cathedral, which was constructed between 1220 and 1270.
Amiens Cathedral is larger than Notre-Dame de Paris and boasts the highest nave of any completed French Gothic cathedral, reaching 42.3 meters (139 feet). In contrast, the nave of Notre-Dame de Paris reaches 35 meters (115 feet) in height. Despite the differences in scale, both cathedrals feature iconic Gothic elements, such as flying buttresses, intricate facades, and stunning rose windows.
Notre-Dame de Paris, however, has become more widely recognized due to its central location in the French capital and its rich history, including the famous story of the Hunchback of Notre-Dame. The devastating fire in 2019 that severely damaged the cathedral’s roof and spire has also garnered international attention and sympathy.
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Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral
Reims Cathedral, also known as Notre-Dame de Reims, was built between 1211 and 1275, making it a contemporary of Amiens Cathedral. Both structures are considered High Gothic masterpieces and share similarities in their architectural and decorative features.
One significant difference between the two is the historical context: Reims Cathedral was the coronation site for French kings, giving it a unique political and historical importance. The cathedral’s lavish sculptural decorations, particularly the smiling angel (L’Ange au Sourire) on the western facade, are among its most distinctive features.
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Amiens Cathedral and Rouen Cathedral
Rouen Cathedral, or Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Rouen, was built between the 12th and 16th centuries, reflecting a mix of architectural styles from the Early Gothic to the Flamboyant Gothic. Its western facade, known as the “Butter Tower,” is a prime example of the Flamboyant Gothic style and distinguishes it from the more harmonious High Gothic facade of Amiens Cathedral.
While the interior of Amiens Cathedral is characterized by its remarkable height and lightness, Rouen Cathedral’s interior is more compact, with a lower and shorter nave. However, both cathedrals feature intricate stained glass windows and impressive sculptures.
While Amiens Cathedral shares many characteristics with other important Gothic cathedrals in France, such as Notre-Dame de Paris, Reims Cathedral, and Rouen Cathedral, each of these monuments has its distinctive features and historical significance. These cathedrals collectively represent the richness and diversity of French Gothic architecture and the profound religious and cultural importance of these structures in the medieval period.
How to Plan a Visit to the Cathedral
The Cathedral of Amiens is open to visitors year-round, with free admission to the main nave and a small fee for access to the towers and the treasury. The best time to visit is during the summer months, when the cathedral’s exterior is illuminated by a breathtaking light show, showcasing its intricate sculptures and details in vibrant colors. This spectacle, known as “Chroma,” takes place every evening from mid-July to mid-September and is a must-see for any visitor.
Admission to the cathedral is free, but be aware that it is closed on Mondays.
To make the most of your visit, consider joining a guided tour offered by the cathedral. Knowledgeable guides will provide insight into the history, architecture, and art of the monument, enhancing your understanding and appreciation of this incredible structure.
The city of Amiens also offers various attractions, including the picturesque Saint-Leu district, the Jules Verne House, and the Hortillonnages (floating gardens). Plan to spend at least a full day in Amiens to fully experience the charm and history of this beautiful city.
Events and Activities Held in the Cathedral
The Cathedral of Amiens regularly hosts a variety of events and activities, ranging from religious services and musical concerts to educational workshops and art exhibitions. These events serve to showcase the cathedral’s ongoing role as a vibrant center of community life and spiritual expression.
During the Christmas season, the cathedral hosts a popular Christmas market, featuring local artisans and festive activities for visitors of all ages. Additionally, the International Organ Festival, held every two years, attracts renowned organists from around the world for a series of concerts within the cathedral’s awe-inspiring setting.
The Restoration and Preservation of the Cathedral
Given its age and exposure to environmental factors, the Cathedral of Amiens requires ongoing restoration and preservation efforts to maintain its structural integrity and artistic treasures. These efforts are overseen by the French Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with local authorities, experts, and volunteers.
Recent restoration projects have focused on cleaning and conserving the cathedral’s sculptures and stained glass windows, as well as addressing structural issues related to the building’s foundations and flying buttresses. The restoration process often involves cutting-edge technology and meticulous attention to detail, ensuring that the monument’s original character and historical value are preserved for future generations to enjoy.
The Legends and Myths Surrounding the Cathedral of Amiens
The Cathedral of Amiens is steeped in local folklore and legends, which have been passed down through generations and add to the enchantment of the monument. One of the most famous legends involves the cathedral’s master builder, who, according to the story, made a deal with the devil to complete the construction in record time. When the townspeople discovered the pact, they chased the builder to the top of the cathedral’s tower, where he leaped to his death to escape their wrath.
Another popular myth involves the “Weeping Angel” sculpture, which is said to shed tears for the souls of the departed. Some believe that if you make a wish while gazing into the angel’s sorrowful eyes, your wish will be granted.
The Amiens Cathedral is a remarkable treasure trove of history, art, and legends that has captivated visitors for centuries. Its soaring architecture, breathtaking stained glass windows, and rich cultural significance make it a must-visit destination for anyone interested in exploring the rich heritage of France. By taking the time to immerse yourself in the stories, art, and events associated with this magnificent monument, you will gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the enduring legacy of the Cathedral of Amiens.